Handbook of clinical neurology
2026
Amos D Korczyn, Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
The brainstem is crucial for maintaining wakefulness, sleep regulation, and consciousness. It orchestrates alertness through the ascending reticular activating system, integrating sensory information and projecting to the cortex. Consciousness emerges from intricate interactions involving the brainstem, though the brainstem alone does not generate consciousness. Clinical syndromes resulting...
Handbook of clinical neurology
2025
G Bryan Young, Loretta Norton
Concepts of consciousness and its disorders begin with the realization that both reside in the brain. Then came the realization that consciousness had various components, with two principal aspects, wakefulness and awareness. Awareness has multiple interconnected components, ranging from perception to abstract thought. These require selection of certain stimuli and processing as well as...
Handbook of clinical neurology
2022
Ikuo Homma, Anthony G. Phillips
Breathing can be classified into metabolic and behavioral categories. Metabolic breathing and voluntary behavioral breathing are controlled in the brainstem and in the cerebral motor cortex, respectively. This chapter places special emphasis on the reciprocal influences between breathing and emotional processes. As is the case with neural control of breathing, emotions are generated by multiple...
Handbook of clinical neurology
2019
Ambra Stefani, Evi Holzknecht, Birgit Högl
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), sleep paralysis, and nightmare disorder are the three REM sleep parasomnias outlined by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. In this review we address the clinical neurophysiology of these disorders. The majority of neurophysiologic studies have been conducted in RBD, and fewer studies have evaluated patients with nightmare...
Handbook of clinical neurology
2018
Eugene A. Kiyatkin
Brain temperature is a physiologic parameter that depends on metabolism-related intracerebral heat production and heat loss by cerebral circulation to the rest of the body and then to the external environment. Despite the importance of temperature as a metabolism-related parameter and a factor affecting neural activity and function, it is generally believed that brain temperature is a tightly...
Handbook of clinical neurology
2016
Q Deeley
Suggestion in hypnosis has been applied to the treatment of functional neurologic symptoms since the earliest descriptions of hypnosis in the 19th century. Suggestion in this sense refers to an intentional communication of beliefs or ideas, whether verbally or nonverbally, to produce subjectively convincing changes in experience and behavior. The recognition of suggestion as a psychologic...