Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports

Freedom as Awareness: A Clinical–Theological Reading of Pharaoh’s Heart in the Me’or Einayim

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports November 14, 2025 Julian Ungar-Sargon

This essay examines one of the most enduring theological paradoxes in biblical literature-the hardening of Pharaoh’s heart-through the interpretive lens of the Me’or Einayim of Chernobyl (R. Menachem Nachum Twersky, 1730-1797), a foundational text in early Hasidic thought. The biblical narrative presents a profound dilemma: if God hardens Pharaoh’s heart, how can Pharaoh be held morally...