Background: Depression, a multifactorial psychiatric disorder, affects millions of people worldwide and has limited effective therapeutic options. This study was aimed at investigating the potential antidepressant effects of alpha-pinene (aPI) in a dextromethorphan (DEX)-induced pharmacological model in rats. Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n =...
Medieval Arab-Islamic scholars (7th-13th centuries CE) made pivotal but underacknowledged contributions to sleep science, blending empirical observation with theological insight. This review examines primary texts, especially al-Rāzī's al-Ḥāwī fī al-Ṭibb and Ibn Sīnā's Canon of Medicine, alongside secondary literature to illuminate their advanced understanding of sleep physiology, disorders,...