Objectives: A significant problem in the treatment of depressive disorders is the growing number of cases of so-called treatment-resistant depression (TRD). There is evidence of ketamine’s effectiveness in treating TRD, with response rates ranging from 40% to 90%. This review aimed to map available studies on peripheral biomarkers of response to ketamine and esketamine in the treatment of...
The glutamatergic system, particularly N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, has long been a significant focus of research into new strategies for treating depression, and the clinical success of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has been a significant breakthrough. In parallel, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, another key component of the...