Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects approximately 30% of major depressive disorder(MDD) cases and represents a major unmet clinical need. Ketamine produces rapid antidepressanteffects in TRD, but response is variable and no validated biomarker predicts who will respond.Multiple independent studies have now shown that baseline EEG features -- particularly vigilancestage distribution and...
Background: LSD, psilocybin, and DMT all act primarily at 5-HT2A receptors yet producequalitatively distinct phenomenological profiles. A recent large-scale cross-psychedelicneuroimaging study (Bzdok, Girn et al., 2026, Nature Medicine; N = 267, 11 datasets) identifieda common signature of increased network integration across 5-HT2A agonists. Whetherpharmacokinetic variation — not just receptor...
Existing organisational frameworks for the brain — anatomical, network-based, andcomputational — differ in the specificity of predictions they generate about lesion effects,pharmacological perturbation, and disease trajectory. We propose a candidate functionalframework, the Seven-Layer Signal-Processing Architecture (7L-SPA), that assigns engineeringanalogousfunctions to seven anatomically...