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Todd A. Girard

4 papers in the library · 182 citations · publishing 2006-2011

Papers

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Ketamine as a primary predictor of out-of-body experiences associated with multiple substance use

Consciousness and Cognition February 16, 2011 Leanne K. Wilkins, Todd A. Girard, J. Allan Cheyne 57 citations

Investigation of "out-of-body experiences" (OBEs) has implications for understanding both normal bodily-self integration and its vulnerabilities. Beyond reported associations between OBEs and specific brain regions, however, there have been few investigations of neurochemical systems relevant to OBEs. Ketamine, a drug used recreationally to achieve dissociative experiences, provides a...

The body unbound: Vestibular–motor hallucinations and out-of-body experiences

Cortex June 6, 2008 J. Allan Cheyne, Todd A. Girard 125 citations

Among the varied hallucinations associated with sleep paralysis (SP), out-of-body experiences (OBEs) and vestibular-motor (V-M) sensations represent a distinct factor. Recent studies of direct stimulation of vestibular cortex report a virtually identical set of bodily-self hallucinations. Both programs of research agree on numerous details of OBEs and V-M experiences and suggest similar...

Mental representation of space: insights from an oblique distribution of hallucinations.

Neuropsychologia March 25, 2007 Todd A. Girard, Désirée L M A Martius, J Allan Cheyne

Three-dimensional spatial distributions of hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations associated with sleep paralysis were used to investigate the internal representation of space. Left-right asymmetries in human preferences and abilities are well established. Parallel effects are also observed as lower-upper asymmetries. These parallels could reflect common underlying mechanisms or additive...

Timing of spontaneous sleep‐paralysis episodes

Journal of Sleep Research June 1, 2006 Todd A. Girard, J. Allan Cheyne

SummaryThe objective of this prospective naturalistic field study was to determine the distribution of naturally occurring sleep‐paralysis (SP) episodes over the course of nocturnal sleep and their relation to bedtimes. Regular SP experiencers (N = 348) who had previously filled out a screening assessment for SP as well as a general sleep survey were recruited. Participants reported, online...