Effect of ketamine/esketamine on postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunctions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials
Indian Journal of Anaesthesia November 18, 2025 Qianqian Guo, Xiaoyong Wei, Zhenghua Dong et al.
Perioperative (es)ketamine significantly reduces POD risk but not POND. Subgroup analyses reveal esketamine excels in delirium prevention, while racemic ketamine shows better cognitive protection.