Abstract Breathwork and cold exposure attract growing public interest, yet little is known about their psychological effects in real-world multi-day formats, and most evidence concerns acute physiological or state-level outcomes rather than more dispositional markers. This naturalistic uncontrolled pre-post study examined whether attending a 3-day outdoor festival combining breathwork,...
Current models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) predominantly focus on emotional dysregulation, avoidance behaviors, and intrusive symptoms, with limited attention to disturbances in bodily self-consciousness. These frameworks do not fully account for how trauma may disrupt the integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive signals underlying the sense of embodied self. Building on...