Mysticism, encompassing both spirituality and religiosity, has been a constant feature of human societies. This review argues that subjective experiences like emotions and higher states of consciousness, once considered beyond objective science, can now be studied using modern brain-measurement technologies. The authors present evidence-based studies on spiritual practices such as meditation, mantra/chanting, and breath modulation, noting that while much research focuses on health benefits, associated brain changes may also support attaining higher states of consciousness. Limited scientific literature on religiosity covers its neural correlates, evolutionary origins, and mental health benefits. The paper concludes that the brain basis of mysticism cannot be understood apart from the body, proposing future research on brain-body interactions using latest technologies.
During about 30 minutes of meditative Samaadhi, a Yogi showed a substantial reduction in breathing amplitude to less than 5% of pre-meditation levels, along with subjectively measured decreases in heartbeat and pulse amplitude. Cardiac electrical activity remained intact, but the data suggested a possible reduction in cardiac mechanical activity. Muscle contractions were consistent and substantially higher. A unique pattern of alpha and beta activity appeared in frontal EEG electrodes, and alpha with occasional beta activity in occipital electrodes. With eyes open during meditation, occipital alpha and beta activity persisted, which is unusual because occipital alpha typically vanishes with eyes open. These patterns were distinct from typical waking, dreaming, and sleeping states.
During about 30 minutes of meditative Samaadhi, a Yogi par excellence showed a substantial reduction in breathing amplitude to less than 5% of pre-meditation levels, along with subjectively measured decreases in heartbeat and pulse amplitude. Cardiac electrical activity remained intact, but the data suggested a possible considerable reduction in cardiac mechanical activity. Muscle contractions were consistently higher. A unique pattern of alpha and beta activity appeared in frontal EEG electrodes, and occipital electrodes showed alpha with occasional beta activity. With eyes open during meditation, occipital alpha and beta activity persisted, which is atypical because occipital alpha normally vanishes when eyes are open. These patterns were distinct from those of awake, dreaming, and sleeping states.