Inconsistent findings linking anxiety, cognitive control, and mindfulness may stem from imprecise definitions and measurements of these concepts. This review argues that anxiety, cognitive control, and mindfulness are each multidimensional, and studies often examine different dimensions using varied behavioral or neural measures, leading to mixed results. The authors propose a framework that aligns specific anxiety dimensions with particular mindfulness states and interventions, predicting distinct effects on proactive versus reactive cognitive control. They suggest using precisely targeted experimental paradigms and metrics to test these relationships, and outline novel studies to rigorously evaluate the framework.
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials examined whether mindfulness-based interventions improve cognitive functioning. The authors identify three confounding issues in the existing evidence: unclear criteria for what qualifies as a mindfulness-based intervention, limitations of the cognitive tests used, and variable methodological quality of trials. These problems can distort interpretations of data. The review offers recommendations for improving research on mindfulness and cognition, rather than reporting a definitive finding about cognitive effects.
A review of three systematic reviews on mindfulness-based meditation and cognitive outcomes identifies methodological limitations and confounding factors that hinder interpretation of results. The analysis covers what is known about how mindfulness affects cognition, variable criteria defining mindfulness-based interventions, limitations of cognitive measurement tools, and methodological quality of trials. Constructive recommendations are offered for advancing research on mindfulness and cognition.