Modern electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the approval of nasal esketamine for clinical use have significantly improved the approach to treatment-resistant depression (TRD), which is defined as non-response to at least two different courses of antidepressants with verified adherence to treatment, adequate dosage, and duration of treatment. The goal of this literature review is to present the...
Modern electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and ketamine currently represent the most effective treatment options in depressed patients showing non-response to two or more trials of antidepressants. Recently, large sample head-to-head comparisons of intravenous ketamine versus ECT for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have fuelled the debate on which therapy might be more effective. However, the...