The internal sense (Antarindriya): An analysis of Manas in the epistemology of internal perception (Mānasa-pratyakṣa)
International Journal of Sanskrit Research July 1, 2025 Neelam Kumari
In classical Indian epistemology, the perception of external objects through sensory organs is meticulously theorized. However, the mechanism by which internal states such as pleasure (sukha), pain (duḥkha), and desire (icchā) are known remains a more nuanced subject. This paper conducts a focused investigation into the concept of mānasa-pratyakṣa (mental perception) within the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika...