We previously reported that a single injection of (R,S)-ketamine or its metabolite (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) prior to stress attenuated learned fear. However, whether these drugs attenuate learned fear through divergent or convergent effects on neural activity remains to be determined. 129S6/SvEv male mice were injected with saline, (R,S)-ketamine, or (2S,6S)-HNK 1 week before a 3-shock...
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a high incidence and high risk of suicide. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective and rapid physical therapy for MDD but limited by adverse effects. Ketamine/esketamine are new emerging rapid antidepressants, which can synergize the efficacy and safety of ECT but come with other side effects. Binaural beat music (BBM) is a non-invasive...