Physiological and subjective effects of Zen meditation and demand characteristics.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1977 James F. Malec, Carl N. Sipprelle 17 citations
Forty male undergraduate volunteers were assigned to one of four groups. During the treatment period, the control group was asked to “just sit there.” The deactivation demand, neutral demand, and activation demand groups were shown a videotape demonstrating the Zen meditation exercise “counting breaths” and modeling and suggesting relaxation outcome, no specific outcome, and arousal outcome for...