The contemporary global mental health crisis—marked by rising rates of depression, chronic stress, and social disconnection—calls for approaches that integrate biological, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions of human well-being. This study revisits the biopsychological framework of Abū Zayd al-Balkhī (850–934 CE), articulated in Maṣāliḥ al-Abdān wa al-Anfus, to assess its relevance...
Transpersonal psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the spiritual aspects of human experiences and consciousness, summarized in a concept that represents human's spiritual consciousness, self-transcendence. Unfortunately, its formalized concept, along with its spiritual aspects, showed the necessity for further inquiry, especially from the Islamic worldview. This research aimed to...