Mindfulness-based neurofeedback: A systematic review of EEG and fMRI studies
bioRxiv September 15, 2024 I. Treves, Keara D Greene, Zia Bajwa et al.
A systematic review of EEG and fMRI studies that combine mindfulness meditation with neurofeedback (mbNF) found that fMRI studies primarily target downregulation of the default-mode network (DMN). Although some studies report decreases in DMN activation during neurofeedback, there is insufficient evidence for lasting transfer effects, and most studies lacked adequate control conditions such as sham neurofeedback, so DMN decreases may reflect general task-related deactivation rather than a specific effect of mbNF. EEG studies most consistently show modulation of theta band activity. Both EEG and fMRI mbNF have been implemented with high fidelity in clinical populations, but mental health benefits have not been established. The review recommends sham-controlled randomized trials and clearer reporting.