A semi-randomised control trial assessing psychophysiological effects of breathwork and cold immersion.
Scientific Reports December 12, 2025 Nadia Fox, Hannah Biddell, Jemma King
Acute intentional stress—cyclic hyperventilation followed by cold exposure (the Wim Hof Method, WHM)—improves momentary feelings of energy, mental clarity, and ability to handle stress more than mindfulness meditation does. Over 29 days, WHM's benefits grew cumulatively while meditation's faded, suggesting dose-dependent effects. However, few lasting trait changes occurred between groups. Executive function, physiology, and sleep showed subtle differences. The findings indicate that short-term stress protocols can enhance certain psychological states, but longer-term trait shifts may require more time.