Feasibility analysis of the surface code model for the Orch-OR microtubule.
Bio Systems April 1, 2026 Byung-Soo Choi
The Orch-OR theory proposes that consciousness arises from quantum processes in microtubules, but quantum coherence is extremely fragile in the brain's warm, wet environment. This paper suggests that the brain might use a quantum error-correction mechanism based on the surface code model to protect coherence. By mapping the surface code protocol onto microtubule structure, the authors analyze whether achievable coherence times under this model could meet those required by Orch-OR. They derive conditions for feasibility and examine whether microtubule properties like tubulin dimer counts and error rates satisfy them. Their analysis indicates the surface code could sustain coherence times long enough for Orch-OR, arguing the theory retains partial validity for explaining consciousness.