This article examines the neuroscientific evidence for states corresponding to Samadhi as described in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and Advaita Vedanta (Turiya, the fourth state). Seven confirmed neuroscientific findings: (1) Default mode network (DMN) deactivation in deep meditators — Judson Brewer (Brown University) and colleagues: experienced meditators show dramatic DMN suppression...
This article traces the evolution of Indian philosophical thought across seven historically distinct turning points: the Rigvedic period's focus on cosmic consciousness (Purusha, Brahman, Agni); the Upanishadic revolution's inward turn and the emergence of Brahman-Atman identity; the Shramana revolt of the 6th century BCE in which Buddhism and Jainism redirected Indian thought toward physical...
This article examines Bhakti, the path of devotional surrender in Indian philosophy, alongside genuine, peer-reviewed scientific research relevant to its central psychological claims. It surveys the three-Yoga framework (Karma, Jnana, Bhakti) and Bhakti's foundational textual sources — the Narada Bhakti Sutras, the Shandilya Bhakti Sutras, the Bhagavata Purana's Navavidha Bhakti, and the...
This article examines the hard problem of consciousness, as defined by David Chalmers in his 1995 paper, against five distinct, philosophically rigorous positions developed within the Indian philosophical tradition over approximately 2,500 years, while giving full, undiminished weight to the current empirical state of consciousness science. It reviews the 2025 Cogitate Consortium adversarial...
This article examines the yogic and Vedantic frameworks for understanding the human mind — specifically the Pancha Kosha model (five sheaths of consciousness) and the Antahkarana model (the fourfold inner instrument of Manas, Buddhi, Chitta, and Ahamkara) — in dialogue with current neuroscience of consciousness, attention, memory, and self-referential processing. The five Koshas are examined:...