Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by positive and negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. Second-and third-generation antipsychotics alleviate not only positive symptoms but also negative symptoms and cognitive impairments, with a lower liability for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS).Accumulating evidences suggest that dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic and...
BACKGROUND: Although recent studies provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of the effects of ketamine, the antidepressant mechanism of ketamine enantiomers and their metabolites is not fully understood. In view of the involvement of mechanisms other than the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in ketamine's action, we investigated the effects of (R)-ketamine, (S)-ketamine, (R)-norketamine...
PLoS One2014Keisuke Hazama, Atsuko Hayata-Takano, Kazuki Uetsuki et al.
Accumulating evidence from human genetic studies implicates the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene as a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and stress-related diseases. Mice with homozygous disruption of the PACAP gene display profound behavioral and neurological abnormalities that are ameliorated with the atypical antipsychotic and...