A review of the literature on MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD describes the drug's history, proposed mechanism, and potential risks. Across six phase two trials involving 105 blinded participants with chronic PTSD, the overall remission rate was 66.2% with low rates of adverse effects. The evidence suggests MDMA can be a safe and effective adjunct to psychotherapy, though more research is needed to confirm its therapeutic role.
People who are more mindful tend to report less anxiety, and this relationship is partly explained by lower intolerance of uncertainty (IU). In a study of 53 healthy adults, participants completed self-report measures of mindfulness, anxiety, and IU, and also underwent a threat-of-shock task (NPU-threat test) that measured physiological and subjective responses to uncertain threat. IU mediated the effect of mindfulness on some anxiety symptoms. However, physiological and subjective reactions to uncertain threat were largely unrelated to mindfulness, anxiety, or IU. The findings suggest that reactions to uncertainty may help explain how mindfulness reduces anxiety, but the laboratory threat measure did not capture this link.