Contemporary scientific perspectives on sensations, feelings, and consciousness in animals

Abstract

The article is devoted to the systematization of current scientific views on sensations, feelings, and consciousness in animals based on an interdisciplinary analysis of literature in neuroscience, cognitive ethology, and veterinary behavioral medicine. The review was conducted in the format of a scoping review with elements of critical analysis. Data collection was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Publications from 2013–2023 were prioritized, while classical works that significantly influenced the formation of modern concepts were also included. The inclusion criteria were peerreviewed empirical studies, review articles, metaanalyses, and consensus documents of international expert groups. A historical and philosophical analysis shows that ideas about animals’ mental experience evolved from mechanistic denial (Descartes) to the evolutionary continuity of emotions and cognitive processes (Darwin). Modern studies confirm that sensations, feelings, and consciousness in animals form an integrated system that determines their behavior and welfare. Sensations provide sensory integration, feelings reflect the affective evaluation of stimuli, and consciousness enables the cognitive integration of experience. Neurophysiological data highlights the involvement of specific sensory and cognitive brain networks, while behavioral and physiological indicators allow identification of emotional states. Negative emotions are associated with chronic stress and reduced resilience, whereas positive emotions enhance social activity and cognitive stimulation. Studies on consciousness emphasize self-recognition, metacognition, and cognitive control. The integration of data from different disciplines opens new perspectives for creating comprehensive models of welfare assessment. Contemporary evidence confirms the existence of interconnected sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes in animals, which form the basis of their welfare and adaptive capacity. Future research should focus on standardizing methods for assessing consciousness and emotional states, applying non-invasive monitoring technologies, and using artificial intelligence tools for behavioral analysis. Such approaches will contribute to evidence-based strategies of animal care, housing, and ethical human–animal interaction. Keywords: sensations, feelings, consciousness, cognitive ethology, neuroscience, emotional states, animal welfare, affective processes, cognitive functions, veterinary behavioral medicine.