Potential use of cerebrospinal fluid serotonin level as a marker of neuronal injury after exposure to 3 , 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
F. H. Zakaria, Norhafidah Abu, Nasir Mohamad
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Review |
|---|---|
| Topics | MDMA Serotonin |
| Key findings | The author argues that cerebrospinal fluid is a potential sample for evaluating neuronal damage following MDMA exposure, because CSF communicates with the brain extracellular space and its serotonin and 5-HIAA levels reflect serotonergic neuronal activity. The author contends that further evaluation of serotonin levels correlated with histological changes is needed to better understand this use. |
Abstract
he trend of drug use has changed tremendously in this millennium (Adnan et al., 2014). Over the past decade, opioids are among the primary drug of abuse in worldwide. However the trend towards using amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) is notably increasing lately. Amphetamine-type stimulants are a group of drugs consisting mainly of amphetamine and metamphetamine; these include methcathinone, fenetylline, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylphenidate and 3, 4Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’ (WHO, 2014). Parallel to the increasing trend of MDMA abuse, an increasing number of researches are also on their way. Some of the researches focus on exploring the effect of this substance on the tissue especially on the brain. The main effect of MDMA is to cause the release of serotonin neurotransmitter from the axon terminal in the brain and also interfere with the storage of serotonin within its vesicles with subsequent increase in the amount of serotonin being released into the synapse (Ma et al., 2013). Therefore, brain tissue is the main sample used in majority of the previous animal studies. Most of those animal studies evaluated the biochemical with behavioral changes, but very occasional studies were done to evaluate the histological changes in the brain and correlated with the biochemical changes. Murnane et al. (2012) in his studies has demonstrated the histopathological changes caused by the exposure to amphetamine. This would be more interesting in the findings were also correlated with the biochemical changes in the brain. However, brain samples are not suitable to be used for comparison of biochemical analysis with the changes in the brain histopathology. Considering that, another alternative is to use the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid is secreted by epithelial cells lining the choroid plexuses of the brain ventricles and is in communication with the brain extracellular space, thus allowing it to provide information about the biochemical and pharmacokinetics activity of the brain tissue. It can also be used to assess the pharmacokinetics of peripherally administered brainpenetrant compounds (Lin, 2008). Levels of the serotonin and its main metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the CSF were found to reflect the concentration released during the neuronal activity in the brains (Harold, 2001). Furthermore, the serotonin level released in cerebrospinal fluid rat also provides better index for functionally active of serotonergic system (Anderson et al., 1987; Matsumoto et al., 1991). The used of CSF in the evaluation of biochemical changes in central nervous system following brain injury, stroke, and post-surgical recovery has been suggested by Maurer (2010). As a conclusion, CSF is a potential sample to be used in the evaluation of the neuronal damage following exposure to MDMA. However, further evaluation on serotonin levels and correlation with histological changes representing neuronal damage need to be conducted in order to provide more understanding on its use.
Comparable studies
Other narrative reviews on MDMA, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Pharmacology of MDMA | 2004 | Review | |
| Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research | 2001 | Review | |
| 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”): pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans | 1994 | Review | |
| (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity: Studies in Animals | 2000 | Review | |
| Amphetamine toxicities | 2010 | Review |