HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL RESEARCH OF THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS

Abstract

B a c k g r o u n d . The phenomenon of consciousness is one of the most controversial and mysterious elements of the human essence, which has been of interest to scientists in various fields of scientific research since ancient times. In this study, an attempt was made to reveal the philosophical understanding of this phenomenon. M e t h o d s . The article reveals the process of historical development of ideas about human consciousness as one of the main categories of philosophy research, from antiquity to modern times. The content of the philosophical ideas of some famous thinkers of different periods of the development of philosophical thought is highlighted. Five main modern approaches to the disclosure of one of the statuses of consciousness, namely the ontological one, are revealed: idealism, materialism, dualism, physicalism, panpsychism, neutral monism. Paradigmatic shifts that require a content-semantic explanation of the concept of "consciousness" are associated with a number of approaches to the philosophical and methodological study of this concept, because the understanding of the term "consciousness" shows the multifaceted nature of its meanings not only within different branches of science, but also within philosophy. However, the methodological angle through which the research was carried out gave a holistic view of the understanding of human consciousness in modern philosophy, that is, the classical understanding of this concept is being rethought. R e s u l t s . Clarification of the problematic spectrum of the philosophical category "consciousness" in the article was carried out on the basis of the study of some classic and modern studies. An understanding of consciousness as a special kind of being and objective reality, an integral essence of every person, which includes subjective and objective experience, is derived. C o n c l u s i o n s . Consciousness enables a person to perceive, analyze, synthesize, compare, etc., the data he receives about the world and other individuals/personalities, and, on the basis of this, form his worldview, worldview and attitude of the individual to himself, to the other/others, to society, to nature, the universe, etc. Consciousness, as one of the main components of a person's essence, is formed on the understanding of various values of the world and society: knowledge, morality, truth, good, beautiful, ideals, norms, etc., which are necessary conditions for a full- fledged and harmonious existence of an individual in the world and society.