Brahmavihāra in Buddhist Philosophy: A Philosophical Analysis of Human Values
Sudhan Das
Research Review Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies December 31, 2025 DOI: 10.31305/rrjis.2025.v1.n3.012 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Theoretical or philosophical paper Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Topics | Buddhism |
| Key points | Argues that the Buddhist Brahmavihāra—mettā, karuṇā, muditā, and upekkhā—constitutes a virtue-based ethical framework grounded in relational interdependence and universal compassion that surpasses rule-based ethical theories by cultivating inner dispositions. The author contends that the boundlessness (appamaññā) of these states grounds equality and non-discrimination, making the framework relevant to contemporary problems of moral fragmentation, alienation, and violence, and practically useful for social cohesion and ethical responsibility. |
Abstract
This paper explores the Buddhist concept of Brahmavihāra as a fundamental framework for comprehending and developing human values. The four sublime states—mettā (loving-kindness), karuṇā (compassion), muditā (sympathetic delight), and upekkhā (equanimity)—represent, in my opinion, not only moral principles but also a thorough philosophical framework that incorporates moral behaviour, psychological development, and social harmony. In order to investigate how these virtues serve as both contemplative practices and normative principles that direct human behaviour, the study critically examines both canonical Buddhist texts and contemporary interpretations. I contend that Brahmavihāra offers a virtue-based ethical model based on relational interdependence and universal compassion, going beyond traditional ethical theories by emphasizing the development of inner dispositions rather than adherence to outward laws. Additionally, the concept of boundlessness (appamaññā) ingrained in these states offers a philosophical foundation for equality, inclusivity, and non-discrimination, making it extremely pertinent in tackling modern world issues like moral fragmentation, alienation, and violence. The article also emphasizes how Brahmavihāra can be used practically to promote social cohesiveness, emotional intelligence, and ethical responsibility in contemporary society. This study illustrates Brahmavihāra’s ongoing importance as a comprehensive framework for reconsidering human values by placing it within both classical and modern philosophical discourse. In the end, I argue that cultivating these four sublime moods provides a revolutionary path toward individual well-being and societal harmony, helping to create a more compassionate and well-rounded global ethical system.
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