Recalibrating stress regulation through mindfulness: a framework for adapting interventions for ACE-affected populations

Abstract

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are widely used to promote psychological and physical health, yet their efficacy among individuals with histories of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has been mixed. While most conceptualizations attribute the cultivation of nonjudgmental awareness as a primary mechanism of MBI-related benefits, individuals with stress-regulatory systems that were shaped by early life stress may have trouble engaging with such practices. To address this, this paper proposes the Mindfulness Recalibration Model (MRM), a theoretically grounded framework that reconceptualizes mindfulness practice as an experience-dependent process of biopsychological recalibration rather than solely the acquisition of cognitive-affective skills. The MRM highlights the distinct yet complementary roles of somatic mindfulness practices, which directly engage physiological regulation primarily through a bottom-up pathway, and cognitive-affective mindfulness practices, which support attentional and regulatory control primarily through a top-down pathway, and emphasizes how their coordinated and reciprocal engagement reshapes stress-regulatory systems. The model further emphasizes the iterative and self-reinforcing nature of this recalibration process across temporal levels. By centering stress-system recalibration as the primary target of mindfulness practice for individuals with histories of ACEs, the MRM offers a unifying explanation for mixed findings in this literature and provides a conceptual roadmap for the development of interventions aligned with adversity-shaped regulatory systems.