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Carl Jung: a life on the edge of reality with hypnagogia, hyperphantasia, and hallucinations

Fatih Incekara, Jan Dirk Blom

Frontiers in Psychology March 7, 2024 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358329 (opens in new tab)

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Study at a glance

AI-extracted from the abstract
Characteristics Phenomenological analysis Peer reviewed
Population Carl Jung's self-reports in a seven-volume journal and other writings
Topics Dreaming
Keywords Acknowledgement Context archaeology Reality testing Perception Psychoanalysis Subject documents Psychoanalytic theory Content measure theory Meaning existential Depth psychology Psychotherapist Cognition
Citations 2
Key points Jung's anomalous perceptual experiences stemmed from hyperphantasia, not psychosis, and he contextualized them meaningfully.

Abstract

a seven-volume journal, reveal new insights into this debate. Based on a phenomenological analysis of his self-reports in these books and in other writings, we here identify several types of anomalous perceptual experiences: hypnagogic-hypnopompic experiences, hyperphantasia, hallucinations, personifications, and sensed presence. We argue that these experiences were not indicative of a psychotic disorder, but rather stemmed from extremely vivid mental imagery, or hyperphantasia, a condition Jung's contemporaries and later biographers were unable to take into account because it had not yet been conceptualised. Recently, the degree of vividness of mental imagery and its potential to become indistinguishable from regular sense perception has been the subject of extensive studies. Unknowingly, Jung may have foreshadowed this line of research with his psychoanalytic concept of reality equivalence, i.e., the substitution of an external world for an inner mental reality that he encountered in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. There is a need for future research to investigate the possible role of hyperphantasia in psychotic experiences, but to Jung, psychosis was 'a failure to contain and comprehend' the content of one's experiences in the context of one's own life, whereas he himself did manage to put the content of his perceptual experiences into context, to find meaning in them, and to share them with others - to great acknowledgement and acclaim.

Comparable studies

Other qualitative studies on dreaming, most cited first.

Study Year Design Participants
The Other as a Nightmare: The Israeli-Arab Encounter as Reflected in Children's Dreams in Israel and the West Bank Jewish and Arab fifth to seventh graders living in various settings in Israel and the... 1989 Qualitative content analysis n = 212
Nonwaking Responses to Waking Stressors: Dreams and Nightmares1 Men from the cohort eligible for military duty during the Vietnam Conflict, varying in... 1990 Survey interview study n = 442
Communing with the Gods: The Dreaming Brain in Cross-cultural Perspective 2011 Phenomenological study
Partial memory reinstatement while (lucid) dreaming to change the dream environment. Lucid dreamers 2020 Qualitative study
Strange themes in pandemic dreams: Insomnia was associated with more negative, anxious and death‐related dreams during the COVID‐19 pandemic Global survey participants 2022 Longitudinal mixed-methods study n = 2,240

Citations in the library

Cites 5

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Dreaming Philosophy of mind