Characteristics of Sleep Paralysis and Its Association with Anxiety Symptoms, Perceived Stress, PTSD, and Other Variables Related to Lifestyle in Selected High Stress Exposed Professions.
Paulina Wróbel-knybel, Michał Flis, Joanna Róg, Baland Jalal, Leszek Wołkowski, Hanna Karakuła-juchnowicz
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health June 25, 2022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137821 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Cross-sectional survey Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 844 |
| Population | Nurses and midwives, police officers, teachers, and a mixed group of other professions |
| Topics | Anxiety PTSD |
| Keywords | Health status Parasomnia Sleep disorder Sleep paralysis |
| Key findings | Prevalence of sleep paralysis ranged from 15.5% in police officers to 39.4% in the mixed group, with PTSD and anxiety symptoms linked to SP in nurses and the mixed group. |
Abstract
Sleep paralysis (SP) is a hypnagogic or hypnopompic state associated with the inability to move while conscious. Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis (RISP) is a type of REM parasomnia. Individuals experiencing anxiety disorders, PTSD, exposure to chronic stress, or shift work are at risk of developing this sleep disorder. This study aimed to assess: (1) the prevalence, frequency, and symptomatology of SP, and (2) the impact of the severity of anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, and lifestyle mode variables on the frequency and severity of SP in four professional groups at high risk of SP (n = 844): nurses and midwives (n = 172), policemen (n = 174), teachers (n = 107), and a group of mixed professions-"other professions" (n = 391). The study used a battery of online questionnaires: the Sociodemographic and Health Status Questionnaire, the SP-EPQ, the PCL -5, the STAI-T, the PSWQ and the PSS-10. The prevalence of SP was the lowest among policemen (15.5%) and the highest in the group of "other professions" (39.4%). The association of SP with symptoms of PTSD and anxiety was confirmed in the group of nurses and "other professions". Among other factors modulating the incidence and severity of SP were: age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, and perceived stress. This study indicates that there exist links between SP and psychological and lifestyle factors, suggesting a complex etiology for this sleep disorder. Due to the high prevalence of SP in the studied groups of occupations, further research is necessary to develop preventive and therapeutic methods for SP.
Comparable studies
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| Assessing the quality of publicly available videos on MDMA‐assisted psychotherapy for PTSD Videos on YouTube about MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD | 2022 | Cross-sectional study | n = 100 |
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| Coping motives mediate the relationship between PTSD and MDMA use in adolescents with substance use disorders German adolescent SUD patients aged 13–18 years at an outpatient clinic | 2022 | Cross-sectional study | n = 111 |
| Risk factors of sleep paralysis in a population of Polish students. Polish university students under 35 | 2022 | Cross-sectional survey | n = 2,553 |
| Expert opinions on implementation of MDMA-assisted therapy in Europe: critical appraisal towards training, clinical practice, and regulation. Researchers and clinicians involved in MDMA-AT clinical trials and contributors to the... | 2024 | Survey | n = 68 |
Citations in the library
Cited by 9
- Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Sleeping Paralysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2024
- All-night spectral and microstate EEG analysis in patients with Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis (RISP) bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) August 18, 2023
- Characteristics of Sleep Paralysis and Its Association With PTSD, Stress, and Other Lifestyle Variables Among the Population of Pakistan, a Cross-Sectional Study. Public health challenges June 1, 2026
- Between sleep and wakefulness: how sleep quality and stress affect isolated sleep paralysis - a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience September 1, 2025
- Sleep Paralysis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Strategies. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience August 25, 2025
and 4 more in the library
Cites 21
- A systematic review of variables associated with sleep paralysis Sleep Medicine Reviews June 8, 2017
- Terror and bliss? Commonalities and distinctions between sleep paralysis, lucid dreaming, and their associations with waking life experiences Journal of Sleep Research July 27, 2016
- Sleep Paralysis among Professional Firefighters and a Possible Association with PTSD—Online Survey-Based Study International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health September 1, 2021
- Beliefs about sleep paralysis in Turkey: Karabasan attack. Transcultural Psychiatry June 1, 2021
- Sleep paralysis in Italy: Frequency, hallucinatory experiences, and other features. Transcultural Psychiatry June 1, 2021
and 16 more in the library