Analysis of Meditation vs. Sensory Engaged Brain States Using Shannon Entropy and Pearson’s First Skewness Coefficient Extracted from EEG Data

Meditation produces different brain dynamics than watching a video, as measured by EEG with 128 electrodes. Shannon Entropy and Pearson's 1st Skewness Coefficient, derived from the power spectrum, significantly discriminated between meditation and video-watching states in 20 participants (11 meditators, 9 non-meditators). Shannon Entropy distinguished meditators from non-meditators during meditation over prefrontal and occipital areas, while the skewness coefficient discriminated groups based on prefrontal areas in both conditions. Anti-correlation between prefrontal and occipital areas occurred during meditation but not during video watching. The findings suggest these indices can characterize brain states.

Study at a glance

Abstract

It has been proposed that meditative states show different brain dynamics than other more engaged states. It is known that when people sit with closed eyes instead of open eyes, they have different brain dynamics, which may be associated with a combination of deprived sensory input and more relaxed inner psychophysiological and cognitive states. Here, we study such states based on a previously established experimental methodology, with the aid of an electro-encephalography (EEG) array with 128 electrodes. We derived the Shannon Entropy (H) and Pearson’s 1st Skewness Coefficient (PSk) from the power spectrum for the modalities of meditation and video watching, including 20 participants, 11 meditators and 9 non-meditators. The discriminating performance of the indices H and PSk was evaluated using Student’s t-test. The results demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the mean H and PSk values during meditation and video watch modes. We show that the H index is useful to discriminate between Meditator and Non-Meditator participants during meditation over both the prefrontal and occipital areas, while the PSk index is useful to discriminate Meditators from Non-Meditators based on the prefrontal areas for both meditation and video modes. Moreover, we observe episodes of anti-correlation between the prefrontal and occipital areas during meditation, while there is no evidence for such anticorrelation periods during video watching. We outline directions of future studies incorporating further statistical indices for the characterization of brain states.