Evaluation of Mindful Breathing Method Using Tablet Devices Through Chaos Analysis and Frequency Analysis: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract

University students face various stresses, including academic and career anxieties and a lack of interpersonal relationships. These stresses can elevate psychological burdens, negatively affecting their studies and daily lives. This pilot study aims to quantitatively evaluate the effects of mindful breathing exercises using tablet devices on autonomic nervous system activity in university students by analysis of finger plethysmogram (pulse wave amplitude values) and chaos analysis (Lyapunov exponent and fractal dimension). In this parallel-group randomized controlled trial, 18 nursing students (Mindful Breathing Group [Mi group], n = 9; control group [nMi group], n = 9) were randomly assigned. On the first day, the Mi group performed mindful breathing, the nMi group performed cross fixation, and finger plethysmograms were measured. For the next 9 days, the Mi group performed mindful breathing at home before bedtime, while the nMi group performed cross gazing, and finger plethysmograms were measured on days 1 and 9. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and t-tests. The Mi group showed a significant increase in pulse wave amplitude values over time (P = .001), whereas the nMi group showed a decrease (P = .001). Chaos analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between groups in the fractal dimension or Lyapunov exponent. Although descriptive differences were observed, these did not reach statistical significance. Both groups demonstrated positive Lyapunov exponents, suggesting nonlinear characteristics of the pulse wave signals. Mindful breathing using tablet devices may be associated with changes in pulse wave amplitude in university students, which could reflect alterations in peripheral autonomic activity under the present experimental conditions. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in chaos analysis indices. Further research with larger samples and additional physiological measures is required to clarify the relationship between mindful breathing and nonlinear autonomic dynamics. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000056166; Registered November 15, 2024).