Machine Learning-Based Comparative Analysis of Subject-Independent EEG Data Classification Across Multiple Meditation and Non-Meditation Sessions

Abstract

In this study, subject-independent (inter-subject), multiple-session electroencephalography (EEG) data classification was tested for loving-kindness meditation (LKM) and non-meditation. This is a novel study that extends our previous work on intra-subject, multiple-session classification. Here, two meditation techniques, LKM-Self and LKM-Other, were independently compared with non-meditation. For each mental task, five sessions of data collected from each of the twelve participants were placed in a common data pool, from which randomly selected session data were used for training and testing the machine learning algorithms. Three previously tested BCI pipelines were used. In each case, feature extraction was performed using common spatial patterns (CSPs), short-time Fourier transform (STFT), or a fusion of CSP and STFT, followed by classification using a neural network structure. This study was further divided into three cases, where two, three, or four session pairs were used to train the algorithms, and the remaining session pair was used for testing. For each individual instance, the test was repeated thirty times to generalize the results. Thus, a total of 9900 independent tests were conducted for the entire dataset. The mean classification accuracies obtained in this study were lower than those reported in our previous intra-subject classification study. For example, in LKM-Self/non-meditation classification using three session pairs with the CSP + STFT pipeline, the mean accuracy for all tests was 62.3%, with the bottom 50% at 46.0% and the top 50% at 78.3%, demonstrating variability across session selections. The corresponding intra-subject classification result for the same instance was 72.1%. For all other instances, a similar pattern was observed. Furthermore, when considering all mean accuracies obtained, in 83.3% of the instances, CSP + STFT produced better classification accuracies than CSP or STFT alone. At the same time, in 75.0% of the instances, increasing the number of training session pairs led to improved classification accuracies. This study demonstrates that the subject-independent, multiple-session EEG classification of meditation and non-meditation is feasible for specific session combinations. Further research is needed to confirm these findings across larger and more diverse participant groups. These findings provide a foundation for developing subject-independent algorithms that can guide long-term meditation practice.