Defining Bhāvanā through the PAL framework: grounded theory insights from long-term IAM®-35 practitioners
S. Devadas Pillai, Hemaa Manimaran, Glenn B. Mannheim, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications September 25, 2025 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-05783-y (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Qualitative study (Grounded Theory) Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 27 |
| Population | Long-term IAM®-35 practitioners |
| Topics | Meditation |
| Keywords | Contemplation Grounded theory Experiential learning Transformative learning Qualitative research Coding social sciences Feeling Categorization Aesthetics Epistemology Perspective graphical Meaning-making Empirical research Interpretative phenomenological analysis Axial coding |
| Key findings | The PAL framework identifies prerequisites, aspects, and levels of Bhāvanā experience, characterizing it as an immersive internal process that fosters personal and spiritual unity. |
Abstract
Integrated Amrita Meditation-35 (IAM®-35) is a 35-min meditation practice introduced by Satguru Sri Mata Amritanandamayi Devi (Amma), integrating gentle yoga postures, breath regulation, and Bhāvanā , an ancient contemplative principle meaning “bringing into being”. Although Bhāvanā appears in classical Indian texts such as the Bhāvanopaniṣad , IAM®-35 was developed independently by Amma, without direct derivation from scriptural or sectarian sources, making it a distinctive and accessible practice. Despite Bhāvanā’s longstanding presence in contemplative traditions, it remains under-defined in contemporary empirical literature, particularly from the perspective of long-term practitioners. This study offers the first practitioner-grounded model of Bhāvanā , using a qualitative Grounded Theory approach. Based on interviews with 27 long-term IAM®-35 practitioners, and a three-phase coding process involving open coding to categorize data, axial coding to connect categories, and selective coding to integrate these into a theoretical framework, we developed the PAL framework comprising: Prerequisites for practice, Aspects of the meditation process, and Levels of Bhāvanā experience. Participants described Bhāvanā as an immersive internal process integrating awareness, memory, and multisensory engagement, fostering transformative experiences of personal and spiritual unity. By bridging ancient contemplative principles with modern experiential insights, the PAL framework contributes to contemplative science, informs meditation research, and bridges Eastern and Western understandings of personal and spiritual transformation.
Comparable studies
Other qualitative studies on meditation, most cited first.
Citations in the library
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and 34 more in the library