Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Sustain the Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Samuel t. Wilkinson, Taeho greg Rhee, Jutta Joormann, Ryan Webler, Mayra Ortiz lopez, Brandon Kitay, Madonna K. Fasula, Christina Elder, Lisa Fenton, Gerard Sanacora
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2021 DOI: 10.1159/000517074 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Randomized controlled trial Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 42 |
| Population | Patients with treatment-resistant depression |
| Interventions | Cognitive behavioral therapy Treatment as usual |
| Duration | 3-week ketamine treatment phase, 14-week CBT or TAU phase |
| Topics | Depression Esketamine Ketamine |
| Citations | 102 |
| Key findings | Cognitive behavioral therapy may sustain the antidepressant effects of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression, with a significant group-by-time interaction on one depression scale favoring CBT. |
Abstract
Introduction: Ketamine has emerged as a rapid-acting antidepressant. While ongoing treatment can prevent relapse, concerns exist regarding long-term exposure.
Objective: We conducted a randomized trial to examine the feasibility and efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) following intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
Methods: Subjects with TRD were recruited and treated with 6 intravenous infusions of ketamine over 3 weeks. Subjects who experienced a clinical response (≥50% improvement in depression severity) were then randomized to receiving CBT or treatment as usual (TAU) for an additional 14 weeks, using a sequential treatment model.
Results: Of the 42 patients who signed consent, 28 patients achieved a response and were randomized to CBT or TAU. When measured using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (primary outcome measure), the effect size at the end of the study was moderate (Cohen d = 0.65; 95% CI –0.55 to 1.82), though the group-by-time interaction effect was not significant. There was a significant group-by-time interaction as measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (F = 4.58; p = 0.033), favoring a greater sustained improvement in the CBT group. This corresponded to a moderate-to-large effect size of the Cohen d = 0.71 (95% CI –0.30 to 1.70) at the end of the study (14 weeks following the last ketamine infusion). In a subset of patients (N = 20) who underwent cognitive testing using the emotional N-back assessments before and after ketamine, ketamine responders showed improvement in the accuracy of emotional N-back (t[8] = 2.33; p < 0.05) whereas nonresponders did not (t[10] <1; p ns).
Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study provides preliminary data indicating that CBT may sustain the antidepressant effects of ketamine in TRD. Further study and optimization of this treatment approach in well-powered clinical trials is recommended.
Comparable studies
Other randomized controlled trials on ketamine for depression, most cited first.