New evidence and challenges in ERP and MEG correlates of consciousness in vision: A systematized review.
Dmitri Filimonov, Mika Koivisto, Antti Revonsuo
Neuroimage January 29, 2026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121762 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Systematized review Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 53 |
| Population | Studies on event-related potential correlates of visual consciousness published since 2020 |
| Keywords | Conscious perception EEG Erp Late positivity Perceptual awareness negativity Theories of consciousness Visual awareness negativity Visual consciousness |
| Key findings | Visual awareness negativity (VAN) remains the most reliable and robust ERP neural correlate of consciousness in vision, while late positivity (LP) reflects additional processes beyond consciousness. |
Abstract
The past twenty years of research have revealed two event-related potential (ERP) components to be the most reliably occurring neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) in vision: an early visual awareness negativity (VAN) in the N2 and late positivity (LP) in the P3 time window. Three previous extensive reviews concluded that VAN is a proper visual NCC, which is solely modulated by awareness. During the last five years since the latest review was published, a large body of new evidence has emerged about the ERP correlates of visual consciousness. In this systematized review we update the results of the previous reviews by analyzing new studies published since 2020 (N = 53) and discussing their findings. The new evidence is consistent with the earlier reviews: VAN is still found to be the most reliable and robust ERP NCC in vision, whereas LP reflects also many other processes, not consciousness as such. However, several aspects of VAN, for example, its relationship to attention and simultaneous physiological factors, require further investigation.
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