Patterns, Trends, and Meanings of Drug Use by Dance-drug Users in Edinburgh, Scotland

Abstract

A survey of drug use in the past year was completed by 124 clubbers (50% male, 50% female, age range 14–44, mean 24 years). Participants were self selecting and recruited in clubs and pre-club bars. Prevalence rates for alcohol, cannabis, and ecstasy were over 80%; 63% reported cocaine and 53% amphetamine use, 15%–43% used ketamine, psilocybin, LSD and nitrites. A pattern of polydrug and co-drug use was identified. Most participants (70%) bought their drugs through friendship/family networks. Main reasons given for drug use were relaxing, socializing and dancing. Risk behaviours identified were drug driving (19%), unprotected sex (39%); and 'taking too many drugs' (44%). At least 40% reported anxiety, nausea and paranoia. Three focus groups aided the interpretation of data, for example describing the strategic use of drugs and alcohol throughout a night and explaining how negative experiences may change, but not necessarily stop, drug use. The study provides further evidence that there is a characteristic pattern of dance-drug use, while identifying an increase in cocaine and alcohol use. Older participants' greater experience with cocaine and fewer negative drug-related experiences are discussed in relation to health promotion.

In the evidence

This study is part of the evidence base for a synthesis in the library. Here is how each one recorded it.

• State of the evidence: Cannabis for anxiety ↓Opposes

  At least 40% of dance-drug users reported anxiety, nausea, and paranoia, though cannabis-specific effects were not isolated.

  Synthesized September 21, 2026

Comparable studies

Other qualitative studies on cannabis for anxiety, most cited first.