In the digital sphere, religion and spirituality have become increasingly blurred, with new terms like cyberspirituality emerging. This conceptual analysis argues that cyberspirituality may be a distinct form of spirituality adapted to online environments, separate from both traditional religion and spirituality. The article explores how postmodernism, globalization, and technologies like social media, AI, and the metaverse have accelerated this divergence. It examines whether cyberspirituality can clarify the overlap between religion and spirituality in digital contexts, evaluating its unique features compared to conventional spirituality.
Contemplation (tafakkur) is perceived not only as a mental activity but also as a multi-layered process encompassing existential and religious dimensions among Muslim participants in Türkiye and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Turkish participants predominantly associated contemplation with positive emotions, while those from Bosnia and Herzegovina reported experiencing both positive and negative emotions simultaneously. In both cultures, contemplation increases individual awareness, strengthens psychological resilience, and contributes to meaning-making processes. The practice supports spiritual well-being and is viewed as an important part of religious life. Despite cultural differences, contemplation essentially possesses a constructive and transformative function.