Achieving general (strong) artificial intelligence may require implementing subsystems for consciousness, subject and subjectivity, self-awareness, intentionality, and homeostasis as constructive cybernetic objects. Connectionist models like large language models, relying solely on self-organization and emergence, may be insufficient. The history of Turing tests indicates a need for a set of metrics to objectively judge when a cybernetic system reaches the level of general artificial intelligence.
The article examines the concepts of artificial personality and artificial consciousness, identifying key challenges in creating such AI systems. These challenges stem from characteristics including creativity and free will, intentionality, qualia, a first-person perspective, and the subjective experience of time. The authors outline basic needs for an artificial personality in the context of natural and artificial intelligence development. Two pathways for forming an artificial personality are distinguished: transforming an artificial system into an artificial personality, and transforming a human into an artificial personality.