In this paper, Sir Muhammad Iqbal explores the idea of Khudi as a comprehensive framework for self-awareness that incorporates moral agency, individual consciousness, and spiritual illumination. Unlike traditional views of the self that emphasize psychological introspection or social determinism, Iqbal’s philosophy sees Khudi as a dynamic, evolving process wherein the self reaches awareness via...
This essay explores the Advaita Vedānta's concept of Māyā as cosmic ignorance and its connection to avidyā, emphasizing how these concepts explain reality, perception, and emancipation. It contends that Māyā is a sophisticated philosophical theory that explains the appearance of plurality in a fundamentally non-dual world rather than just an illusion. Avidyā functions at the individual level as...