During the first decades of the twentieth century, there were recurring debates about the role of religion in Swedish society. These public debates about religion preceded and contributed to the more complete freedom of religion that was legally introduced in 1951 as well as a more general development towards religious pluralism in Sweden. Among the most prolific representatives of esotericism...
ABSTRACT This comparative case study takes up the examples of two Twelver lettrists, who together became two of the most important occultist authorities of the high Safavid period: al-Ḥāfiẓ Rajab al-Bursī (d. after 1410) and Maḥmūd Dihdār Shīrāzī (fl. 1576). Their projects are intimately connected, and can only be historiographically explained in tandem. Yet the first has been celebrated in the...