The need to uncover how Islamic intellectual and spiritual traditions have historically interacted with non-Islamic systems of thought to develop a distinct ethical psychology grounded in revelation. Despite the Qur’an and Islamic scholarship offering profound frameworks for emotional resilience—such as tawakkul, ṣabr, and riḍā bi’l-qaḍā’—the specific historical reception of Epictetus’s Stoic...
This study focuses on the discussion of Sufistic meditation as a form of happiness transformation. A discussion that has long been the subject of study. Happiness itself is the hope of everyone, but in reality, the happiness obtained is only false happiness, not eternal happiness. In Buddhist rituals, meditation is a practice that must be done in any school of Buddhism, and this has been a...