The Java War (1825–1830) is commonly interpreted through economic grievances, colonial exploitation, and elite political contestation, while the spiritual foundations of leadership that enabled sustained mass mobilization remain insufficiently theorized. This article addresses that gap by examining the spiritual leadership of Prince Diponegoro as represented in Babad Kedung Kebo (BKK) and...
This paper is a proposal for analyzing the Pārāyanavagga as a text that fundamentally expresses a theory of intentionality in early Buddhism. Through a comparison with Husserl’s phenomenology and Peirce’s phaneroscopy, the paper argues that the contents of the Pārāyanavagga—as reintroduced in later suttas that further develop these reflections and which will be analyzed in depth—reveal how...