Mobilization of the mass movement in the Java War by Diponegoro’s spiritual majesty: study of the Babad Kedung Kebo (BKK) manuscript
Cogent Arts and Humanities July 3, 2026 Muhammad Irfan Riyadi, Ahmad Choirul Rofiq
The Java War (1825–1830) is commonly interpreted through economic grievances, colonial exploitation, and elite political contestation, while the spiritual foundations of leadership that enabled sustained mass mobilization remain insufficiently theorized. This article addresses that gap by examining the spiritual leadership of Prince Diponegoro as represented in Babad Kedung Kebo (BKK) and...