This article explores the concept of spiritual states (ahwal) and their profound ontological significance within the mystical doctrine of Sa'd al-Din al-Hammuwayi, an eminent 13th-century shaykh of the Kubrawiyya Sufi order. Moving beyond the strictly ethical and didactic paradigms of early Sufi manuals, Hammuwayi elevates the discourse on spiritual states to a cosmological and metaphysical...