This study examines Junayd al-Baghdadi’s concept of ma‘rifah to explain how spiritual experience, self-discipline, and the justification of knowledge claims are related. This library-based study adopts historical hermeneutics and philosophical analysis. Its main source is Junayd’s Rasā’il in Abdel-Kader’s edition, with al-Risālah al-Qushayriyyah as a comparative source. Source criticism,...