Multan has historically remained one of the most significant centers of Islamic spirituality, Sufism, and intellectual culture in South Asia. Renowned as the “City of Saints,” the region developed a distinctive spiritual and cultural identity under the influence of various Sufi orders whose khanqahi institutions played a vital role in religious instruction, moral refinement, social reform, and...
This study offers an analytical and interpretive exploration of Maḥmūd Shabistarī’s Gulshan-i Rāz within the dialectical framework of Islamic mysticism (taṣawwuf) and scholastic theology (ʿilm al-kalām). It seeks to uncover the epistemological foundations of Shabistarī’s thought and his method of Qurʾānic taʾwīl (esoteric interpretation), situating his mystical insights in conversation with...