Biological systems depend on communication over distances, ranging from molecular gradients to systemic neuroendocrine and neuroimmune circuits. While many distance effects in biology are explained by well-established mechanisms such as diffusion, paracrine signaling, neural conduction, and extracellular vesicle trafficking, there are also claims of long-distance influences that may be mediated...
Chaos theory is a rapidly growing field. As a technical term, "chaos" refers to deterministic but unpredictable processes being sensitively dependent upon initial conditions. Neurobiological models and experimental results are very complicated and some research groups have tried to pursue the "neuronal chaos". Babloyantz's group has studied the fractal dimension (d) of electroencephalograms...