Journal of perinatal medicineNovember 25, 2025Mochammad Besari Adi Pramono, Wiku Andonotopo, Muhammad Adrianes Bachnas et al.
Recent advancements in four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography have enabled detailed observation of fetal behavior in utero, including facial movements, limb gestures, and stimulus responses. These developments have prompted renewed inquiry into whether such behaviors are merely reflexive or represent early signs of integrated neural function. However, the relationship between fetal movement...
To study whether the free energy principle can explain fetal brain activity and the existence of fetal consciousness via a chaotic dimension derived using artificial intelligence. In this observational study, we used a four-dimensional ultrasound technique obtained to collect images of fetal faces from pregnancies at 27-37 weeks of gestation, between February and December 2021. We developed an...
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of maternal phencyclidine use on the fetus. Ninety-four neonates with maternal phencyclidine exposure were compared with 94 controls. Maternal phencyclidine use was assessed by questionnaire and repeated urine testing. Mothers of study and control patients were matched for demographic characteristics. Infants were assessed between 24-72...