In Balinese Hindu manuscripts, sacred sexuality (Smara Sādhanā) is a spiritual practice rooted in Tantrāyāna non-dualism, where sexual union symbolizes and actualizes the unity of consciousness (Puruṣa) and creative energy (Prakṛti). The body is a microcosm, and sexual union becomes a medium for attaining higher consciousness (ānanda). Knowledge of sexuality comes from sacred texts, direct experience, reasoning, and spiritual realization. The texts challenge reductionist views, presenting sexuality as a path of spiritual transformation integrated with dharma and ethical relations, aiming to prevent deviant sexual behavior by framing sex as sacred activity.
The ecological crisis is rooted in ontological assumptions that separate humans from nature. This philosophical analysis interprets Advaita Vedānta's non-dual ontology—Brahman, Ātman, māyā, avidyā—through a Gadamerian hermeneutic fusion of horizons with contemporary ecotheology. The non-dual ontology can be transformed into a normative basis for ecological ethics through principles of ontological identity and self-extension, affirming the unity of all reality in Brahman. Moral awareness emerges as an expression of self-realization rather than externally imposed duty. Ethical principles such as ahiṃsā, karuṇā, and sevā become concrete expressions of non-dual consciousness in ecological action, offering a coherent ecotheological framework where ecological responsibility is a rational and existential consequence of realizing the unity of reality.