Among poor sleepers, those who experience nightmares more frequently also report greater distress from them, according to a cross-sectional analysis. The study measured nightmare frequency and nightmare distress in a sample of poor sleepers and found a positive association between the two variables, suggesting that frequency and distress are linked in this population.
Distress from nightmares is more strongly linked to traumatic childhood experiences, significant life events, and how a person emotionally appraises a dream than to the actual content of the dream itself.
Olfactory stimuli presented during sleep can influence both the content and emotional tone of dreams. Pleasant scents tend to be associated with more positive dream emotions, while unpleasant odors are linked to negative dream content. The findings suggest that external sensory information is processed during sleep and can be integrated into ongoing dream experiences, affecting the emotional quality of dreams.