This article develops a triadic model of knowledge in Islamic thought by examining the epistemological contributions of Kalām, Sufism, and Islamic philosophy. It argues that these three traditions represent distinct yet interconnected epistemic dimensions within the broader intellectual landscape of Islam.Kalām articulates a rational taxonomy of cognition, distinguishing divine from human...
This article undertakes a comparative study of Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd’s conceptions of the soul through the framework of Aristotle’s four causes: material, formal, efficient, and final. Both thinkers draw deeply from Aristotelian psychology, yet their approaches diverge due to different metaphysical and theological commitments. Ibn Sīnā, shaped by Neoplatonic currents, presents the soul as an...